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所有權人在國外，旅外國人如何辦理為處理國內不動產買賣、贈與及抵押等之授權書？授權書的效期多久? Home 貸款 所有權人在國外，旅外國人如何辦理為處理國內不動產買賣、贈與及抵押等之授權書？授權書的效期多久?
1. 授權人應持有效之身分證明文件親至我駐外館處辦理，倘須以中文申請須提示中文姓名身分證件。倘授權人因故無法親至駐外館處申辦時，授權人應先向當地公證人或其他有權機關證明授權書上授權人之簽字屬實後，併有效身分證明文件委託他人（應另出具經證明之委託書）或郵遞申辦。倘駐外館處無該公證人或有權機關之簽字、鈐印可供比對，得要求授權人將該文書先送至有簽字及鈐印樣本可供比對之主管驗證機關證明後始予受理。
2. 授權書係屬授權人與被授權人間之委任契約，委任契約之授權期間應由當事人自行決定，行政機關無權予以限制，惟為避免授權期間太長，可能造成之困擾，授權人允宜訂有合理之「授權期間」以維自身權益。
人卡在海外想賣房 3步驟可隔空授權
武漢肺炎（COVID-19、新冠肺炎） 疫情持續發威，雖然比起世界各國，在台灣是相對安全，但是搭乘飛機密閉空間有高度的風險，回國後還要居家檢疫14天，對於人在海外、有買賣需求的人來說，其實可透過海外授權方式，處理在台灣的房產。
社團法人新北市地政士公會指出，房屋買賣原則上是本人親自辦理，例外情形也可以授權辦理，因為人在海外需要多一道海外授權的程序，也就是所有權人必需親自到台灣的駐外使館辦理海外授權書，就可以委託國內的親朋好友幫忙處理，不需要本人親自回國。
社團法人新北市地政士公會特別提醒，授權人指的是本人，被授權人指是在台的親朋好友，房地標示及權利範圍要以土地及建物謄本的方式填寫正確，有些人僅寫房屋門牌，未填土地標示，殊不知房屋是蓋在土地上的，沒有土地標示，無法辦理過戶，會被地政事務所以補正方式處理，得重新再跑一趟駐外單位授權完整才會過戶，曠日費時。
另外，授權事項也要明確，申請印鑑登記、申請印鑑證明、簽立契約、用印、受領價金、點交不動產等事項必務詳實載明。值得一提的是，除了賣房子以外，出租、贈與或繼承不動產，人在國外不方便回國，都可以善加利用 海外授權書 。
不過，屋比房屋總監陳傑鳴也提醒，在屋主委託房仲售屋的實務上，也是依據海外授權這套原則處理，會有台灣的被授權人，但一般而言，若即將簽約了，房仲仍希望是由屋主親自返台處理，避免出現假授權狀況，降低交易風險。
若本人無法親自出面，如何授權代理人？
現代社會中人人工作忙碌，如欲事事躬親，誠非易事，且若事務處理之過程費時（例如買賣不動產之契約履行），更將使此一難度突顯。為此民法上之代理制度，適可解決此難題。依民法167條之規定︰代理權係以法律行為授與者，應向代理人或向代理人對之為代理行為之第三人以意思表示為之即可。而代理人（即被授權人）是法人或是自然人，原則上並無限制。
Ｑ：若本人無法親自出面，如何授權代理人？
現代社會中人人工作忙碌，如欲事事躬親，誠非易事，且若事務處理之過程費時（例如買賣不動產之契約履行），更將使此一難度突顯。為此民法上之代理制度，適可解決此難題。依民法167條之規定︰代理權係以法律行為授與者，應向代理人或向代理人對之為代理行為之第三人以意思表示為之即可。而代理人（即被授權人）是法人或是自然人，原則上並無限制。
但有一問題必須加以探討，那就是在不動產買賣中，買賣雙方可否授權仲介公司為代理人代為履行債權債務（例如︰收款）按民法574條規定，居間人就其媒介所成立之契約無為當事人給付或受領給付之權，此乃是就居間人工作之性質所為之規定，蓋其擔任之角色只是一個媒介者而已。從此條文之規定中，是否即可導出不得授權仲介公司為代理人之結論則目前尚未定論，法院亦無相關之見解可供參考。
曾有房屋仲介公司發生客戶授權業務員為代理人，經幾次把房屋價款委交該業務員無誤後，再把尾款三百多萬元直接匯入該業務員帳戶，最後業務員捲款失蹤的案例，造成客戶鉅大的損失。後來，買方向法院控訴仲介公司，經三審定讞，「 由於代理人的失職以致客戶受損，由代理人之公司負責連帶責任，必須賠償… 」為此，國內房屋仲介公司即嚴格禁止其附屬之業務員接受代理人之授權，該公司亦不接受此類之授權，以免造成不必要之困擾。因買賣雙方之權益及立場往往是不同的，如果由仲介公司擔任將會使其由原先中間人可超然處理雙方事務及爭端之功能受到影響，另外在委託仲介公司處理售屋買屋之事務，買方或賣方，都須擁有各自不同的業務經紀人，如此可較具客觀立場，以避免在房價的議定上產生單人壟斷的弊端。至於代理人的資格或年齡有怎樣的限制，依多數見解皆認為，並不限於成年人，限制行為能力人（即7歲以上未滿20歲）亦可，此觀民法104條，代理人所為或所受意思表示之效力不因其受限制行為能力人而受影響之規定，即可明瞭。但須有意思（註）能力，禁治產人（註）即絕對不得為代理人。然法律之規定雖是如此，站在實際處理事情之角度來看，代理人之選擇，還是應以一成熟、經驗豐富之成年人為佳。且在不動產買賣更須如此·授權行為除須注意前面所述之事項外，還要注意授權範圍之明確，以杜爭議，在不動產之買賣應有書面授權，故簽約當時未能親自出面，應出具合法授權書，授權他人代理。代理人應備有授權書及身分證明，並對於所處分之房地產的標示、權利範圍、授權方式等，有詳細記載，以示明白瞭解。
委任他人全權簽約時，應出具特別授權之委任書，上面須詳載委任他人全權簽約、收款用印、交付證件及有關一切等事宜。委任書應加蓋印鑑章，並附印鑑證明乙份，由代書存執。
民法第533條、第534條規定︰委任分為特別委任與一般委任。受特別委任者，就委任事務之處理，可以替委任人做一切必行之行為。受一般委任者，可以替委任人做一切法律上的行為。委任處理之事務，必須為法律行為，亦即應以文字為憑者，故其處理權之授與，亦應以文字立據，故必須要有委任書或授權書。
房地產處分，若所有權人在國外，應出具由我國駐外單位簽證之授權書，再加上被授權印鑑章、印鑑證明、身分證及有關證件即可辦理。旅外僑民向駐外單位申辦授權書簽證。授權國內親友代為出賣不動產、設定負擔、贈與與繼承權拋棄等行為時，應將授權副本函寄當地縣巿政府，以配合辦理查證·被授權人持憑申辦登記時，應由當事人先行將該授權書逕向外交部或僑務委員會查驗，或由土地登記機關將授權書影本函送外交部或僑務委員會，查驗屬實後才能辦理登記。
房地產往往是一個人辛苦努力得來的資產，所以在授權代理處分的過程中，並須從嚴從明的審核，以確保所有權人的權益。
（註）意思表示︰即識別力。指識別自己行為結果之精神能力。
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例：房子登記在先生的名字，那如果太太要賣掉這間房子，需準備什麼文件？
應備文件如下： 一、 授權書(若先生在國外，必要時需海外授權書 )
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Money Laundering
What is Money Laundering？
Money laundering is the illegal process of making large amounts of money generated by a criminal activity, such as drug trafficking or terrorist funding, appear to have come from a legitimate source. The money from the criminal activity is considered dirty, and the process "launders" it to make it look clean.
Money laundering is a serious financial crime that is employed by white collar and street-level criminals alike.1? Most financial companies have anti-money-laundering (AML) policies in place to detect and prevent this activity.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Money laundering is the illegal process of making "dirty" money appear legitimate instead of ill-gotten.
Criminals use a wide variety of money laundering techniques to make illegally obtained funds appear clean.
Online banking and cryptocurrencies have made it easier for criminals to transfer and withdraw money without detection.
The prevention of money laundering has become an international effort and now includes terrorist funding among its targets.
How Money Laundering Works
Money laundering is essential for criminal organizations that wish to use illegally obtained money effectively. Dealing in large amounts of illegal cash is inefficient and dangerous. Criminals need a way to deposit the money in legitimate financial institutions, yet they can only do so if it appears to come from legitimate sources.
Banks are required to report large cash transactions and other suspicious activities that might be signs of money laundering.
The process of laundering money typically involves three steps: placement, layering, and integration.
Placement puts the "dirty money" into the legitimate financial system.
Layering conceals the source of the money through a series of transactions and bookkeeping tricks.
In the final step, integration, the now-laundered money is withdrawn from the legitimate account to be used for whatever purposes the criminals have in mind for it.
There are many ways to launder money, from the simple to the very complex. One of the most common techniques is to use a legitimate, cash-based business owned by a criminal organization. For example, if the organization owns a restaurant, it might inflate the daily cash receipts to funnel illegal cash through the restaurant and into the restaurant's bank account. After that, the funds can be withdrawn as needed. These types of businesses are often referred to as "fronts."
Money Laundering Variants
In one common form of money laundering, called smurfing (also known as "structuring"), the criminal breaks up large chunks of cash into multiple small deposits, often spreading them over many different accounts, to avoid detection. Money laundering can also be accomplished through the use of currency exchanges, wire transfers, and "mules"—cash smugglers, who sneak large amounts of cash across borders and deposit them in foreign accounts, where money-laundering enforcement is less strict.
Other money-laundering methods involve investing in commodities such as gems and gold that can easily be moved to other jurisdictions, discreetly investing in and selling valuable assets such as real estate, gambling, counterfeiting; and using shell companies (inactive companies or corporations that essentially exist on paper only).
Electronic Money Laundering
The Internet has put a new spin on the old crime. The rise of online banking institutions, anonymous online payment services and peer-to-peer (P2P) transfers with mobile phones have made detecting the illegal transfer of money even more difficult. Moreover, the use of proxy servers and anonymizing software makes the third component of money laundering, integration, almost impossible to detect—money can be transferred or withdrawn leaving little or no trace of an IP address.
Money can also be laundered through online auctions and sales, gambling websites, and virtual gaming sites, where ill-gotten money is converted into gaming currency, then back into real, usable, and untraceable "clean" money.
The newest frontier of money laundering involves cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. While not totally anonymous, they are increasingly being used in blackmail schemes, the drug trade, and other criminal activities due to their relative anonymity compared with more conventional forms of currency.
Anti-money-laundering laws (AML) have been slow to catch up to these types of cybercrimes, since most of the laws are still based on detecting dirty money as it passes through traditional banking institutions.
Preventing Money Laundering
Governments around the world have stepped up their efforts to combat money laundering in recent decades, with regulations that require financial institutions to put systems in place to detect and report suspicious activity. The amount of money involved is substantial. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, global money laundering transactions account for roughly $800 billion to $2 trillion annually, or some 2% to 5% of global GDP.
In 1989, the Group of Seven (G-7) formed an international committee called the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in an attempt to fight money laundering on an international scale. In the early 2000s, its purview was expanded to combating the financing of terrorism.
The United States passed the Banking Secrecy Act in 1970, requiring financial institutions to report certain transactions to the Department of the Treasury, such as cash transactions above $10,000 or any others they deem suspicious, on a suspicious activity report (SAR).3? The information the banks provide to the Treasury Department is used by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), which can share it with domestic criminal investigators, international bodies or foreign financial intelligence units.
While these laws were helpful in tracking criminal activity, money laundering itself wasn't made illegal in the United States until 1986, with the passage of the Money Laundering Control Act. Shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the USA Patriot Act expanded money-laundering efforts by allowing investigative tools designed for organized crime and drug trafficking prevention to be used in terrorist investigations.
The Association of Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialists (ACAMS) offers a professional designation known as a Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialist (CAMS). Individuals who earn CAMS certification may work as brokerage compliance managers, Bank Secrecy Act officers, financial intelligence unit managers, surveillance analysts and financial crimes investigative analysts.
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What is Money Laundering？
The goal of a large number of criminal acts is to generate a profit for the individual or group that carries out the act. Money laundering is the processing of these criminal proceeds to disguise their illegal origin. This process is of critical importance, as it enables the criminal to enjoy these profits without jeopardising their source.
Illegal arms sales, smuggling, and the activities of organised crime, including for example drug trafficking and prostitution rings, can generate huge amounts of proceeds. Embezzlement, insider trading, bribery and computer fraud schemes can also produce large profits and create the incentive to “legitimise” the ill-gotten gains through money laundering.
When a criminal activity generates substantial profits, the individual or group involved must find a way to control the funds without attracting attention to the underlying activity or the persons involved. Criminals do this by disguising the sources, changing the form, or moving the funds to a place where they are less likely to attract attention.
In response to mounting concern over money laundering, the Financial Action Task Force on money laundering (FATF) was established by the G-7 Summit in Paris in 1989 to develop a co-ordinated international response. One of the first tasks of the FATF was to develop Recommendations, 40 in all, which set out the measures national governments should take to implement effective anti-money laundering programmes.
How much money is laundered per year?
By its very nature, money laundering is an illegal activity carried out by criminals which occurs outside of the normal range of economic and financial statistics. Along with some other aspects of underground economic activity, rough estimates have been put forward to give some sense of the scale of the problem.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) conducted a study to determine the magnitude of illicit funds generated by drug trafficking and organised crimes and to investigate to what extent these funds are laundered. The report estimates that in 2009, criminal proceeds amounted to 3.6% of global GDP, with 2.7% (or USD 1.6 trillion) being laundered.
This falls within the widely quoted estimate by the International Monetary Fund, who stated in 1998 that the aggregate size of money laundering in the world could be somewhere between two and five percent of the world’s gross domestic product. Using 1998 statistics, these percentages would indicate that money laundering ranged between USD 590 billion and USD 1.5 trillion. At the time, the lower figure was roughly equivalent to the value of the total output of an economy the size of Spain.
However, the above estimates should be treated with caution. They are intended to give an estimate of the magnitude of money laundering. Due to the illegal nature of the transactions, precise statistics are not available and it is therefore impossible to produce a definitive estimate of the amount of money that is globally laundered every year. The FATF therefore does not publish any figures in this regard.
How is money laundered?
In the initial - or placement - stage of money laundering, the launderer introduces his illegal profits into the financial system. This might be done by breaking up large amounts of cash into less conspicuous smaller sums that are then deposited directly into a bank account, or by purchasing a series of monetary instruments (cheques, money orders, etc.) that are then collected and deposited into accounts at another location.
After the funds have entered the financial system, the second – or layering – stage takes place. In this phase, the launderer engages in a series of conversions or movements of the funds to distance them from their source. The funds might be channelled through the purchase and sales of investment instruments, or the launderer might simply wire the funds through a series of accounts at various banks across the globe. This use of widely scattered accounts for laundering is especially prevalent in those jurisdictions that do not co-operate in anti-money laundering investigations. In some instances, the launderer might disguise the transfers as payments for goods or services, thus giving them a legitimate appearance.
Having successfully processed his criminal profits through the first two phases the launderer then moves them to the third stage – integration – in which the funds re-enter the legitimate economy. The launderer might choose to invest the funds into real estate, luxury assets, or business ventures.
Where does money laundering occur?
As money laundering is a consequence of almost all profit generating crime, it can occur practically anywhere in the world. Generally, money launderers tend to seek out countries or sectors in which there is a low risk of detection due to weak or ineffective anti-money laundering programmes. Because the objective of money laundering is to get the illegal funds back to the individual who generated them, launderers usually prefer to move funds through stable financial systems.
Money laundering activity may also be concentrated geographically according to the stage the laundered funds have reached. At the placement stage, for example, the funds are usually processed relatively close to the under-lying activity; often, but not in every case, in the country where the funds originate.
With the layering phase, the launderer might choose an offshore financial centre, a large regional business centre, or a world banking centre – any location that provides an adequate financial or business infrastructure. At this stage, the laundered funds may also only transit bank accounts at various locations where this can be done without leaving traces of their source or ultimate destination.
Finally, at the integration phase, launderers might choose to invest laundered funds in still other locations if they were generated in unstable economies or locations offering limited investment opportunities.
How does money laundering affect business?
The integrity of the banking and financial services marketplace depends heavily on the perception that it functions within a framework of high legal, professional and ethical standards. A reputation for integrity is the one of the most valuable assets of a financial institution.
If funds from criminal activity can be easily processed through a particular institution – either because its employees or directors have been bribed or because the institution turns a blind eye to the criminal nature of such funds – the institution could be drawn into active complicity with criminals and become part of the criminal network itself. Evidence of such complicity will have a damaging effect on the attitudes of other financial intermediaries and of regulatory authorities, as well as ordinary customers.
As for the potential negative macroeconomic consequences of unchecked money laundering, one can cite inexplicable changes in money demand, prudential risks to bank soundness, contamination effects on legal financial transactions, and increased volatility of international capital flows and exchange rates due to unanticipated cross-border asset transfers. Also, as it rewards corruption and crime, successful money laudering damages the integrity of the entire society and undermines democracy and the rule of the law.
What influence does money laundering have on economic development？
Launderers are continuously looking for new routes for laundering their funds. Economies with growing or developing financial centres, but inadequate controls are particularly vulnerable as established financial centre countries implement comprehensive anti-money laundering regimes.
Differences between national anti-money laundering systems will be exploited by launderers, who tend to move their networks to countries and financial systems with weak or ineffective countermeasures.
Some might argue that developing economies cannot afford to be too selective about the sources of capital they attract. But postponing action is dangerous. The more it is deferred, the more entrenched organised crime can become.
As with the damaged integrity of an individual financial institution, there is a damping effect on foreign direct investment when a country’s commercial and financial sectors are perceived to be subject to the control and influence of organised crime. Fighting money laundering and terrorist financing is therefore a part of creating a business friendly environment which is a precondition for lasting economic development.
What is the connection with society at large？
The possible social and political costs of money laundering, if left unchecked or dealt with ineffectively, are serious. Organised crime can infiltrate financial institutions, acquire control of large sectors of the economy through investment, or offer bribes to public officials and indeed governments.
The economic and political influence of criminal organisations can weaken the social fabric, collective ethical standards, and ultimately the democratic institutions of society. In countries transitioning to democratic systems, this criminal influence can undermine the transition. Most fundamentally, money laundering is inextricably linked to the underlying criminal activity that generated it. Laundering enables criminal activity to continue.
How does fighting money laundering help fight crime？
Money laundering is a threat to the good functioning of a financial system; however, it can also be the Achilles heel of criminal activity.
In law enforcement investigations into organised criminal activity, it is often the connections made through financial transaction records that allow hidden assets to be located and that establish the identity of the criminals and the criminal organisation responsible.
When criminal funds are derived from robbery, extortion, embezzlement or fraud, a money laundering investigation is frequently the only way to locate the stolen funds and restore them to the victims.
Most importantly, however, targeting the money laundering aspect of criminal activity and depriving the criminal of his ill-gotten gains means hitting him where he is vulnerable. Without a usable profit, the criminal activity will not continue.
What should individual governments be doing about it？
A great deal can be done to fight money laundering, and, indeed, many governments have already established comprehensive anti-money laundering regimes. These regimes aim to increase awareness of the phenomenon – both within the government and the private business sector – and then to provide the necessary legal or regulatory tools to the authorities charged with combating the problem.
Some of these tools include making the act of money laundering a crime; giving investigative agencies the authority to trace, seize and ultimately confiscate criminally derived assets; and building the necessary framework for permitting the agencies involved to exchange information among themselves and with counterparts in other countries.
It is critically important that governments include all relevant voices in developing a national anti-money laundering programme. They should, for example, bring law enforcement and financial regulatory authorities together with the private sector to enable financial institutions to play a role in dealing with the problem. This means, among other things, involving the relevant authorities in establishing financial transaction reporting systems, customer identification, record keeping standards and a means for verifying compliance.
Should governments with measures in place still be concerned？
Money launderers have shown themselves through time to be extremely imaginative in creating new schemes to circumvent a particular government’s countermeasures. A national system must be flexible enough to be able to detect and respond to new money laundering schemes.
Anti-money laundering measures often force launderers to move to parts of the economy with weak or ineffective measures to deal with the problem. Again, a national system must be flexible enough to be able to extend countermeasures to new areas of its own economy. Finally, national governments need to work with other jurisdictions to ensure that launderers are not able to continue to operate merely by moving to another location in which money laundering is tolerated.
What about multilateral initiatives？
Large-scale money laundering schemes invariably contain cross-border elements. Since money laundering is an international problem, international co-operation is a critical necessity in the fight against it. A number of initiatives have been established for dealing with the problem at the international level.
International organisations, such as the United Nations or the Bank for International Settlements, took some initial steps at the end of the 1980s to address the problem. Following the creation of the FATF in 1989, regional groupings – the European Union, Council of Europe, Organisation of American States, to name just a few – established anti-money laundering standards for their member countries. The Caribbean, Asia, Europe and southern Africa have created regional anti-money laundering task force-like organisations, and similar groupings are planned for western Africa and Latin America in the coming years.
Who can I contact if I suspect a case of money laundering？
The FATF is a policy-making body and has no investigative authority. In respect to investigating a company and persons involved in money laundering, individuals need to contact their local investigative authorities.
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