租屋族都該知道的是：高不可攀的房價令人望屋興嘆，無殼蝸牛只好遁入租屋市場，但因不諳相關規範，房租糾紛時有所聞。在租賃專法上路後，房東、房客都該了解其中「眉角」，以便保障自身權益。
租屋提前解約，大家或許應該知道最高須賠償「一個月租金」的違約金。那在什麼情況下可以提前解約，也不必賠違約金呢？根據法律規定，這幾種情況屬於正當「終止租約」的條件，只要符合即可提前解約且不必賠償！
不知道是租屋糾紛太多，還是時機太湊巧，近期經常有人丟訊息詢問提前解約扣押金的問題，今天就讓我們來談談，租屋族出門在外租房子時，房東和房客都會碰到的大哉問：提前解約一定會被罰錢嗎？最多又只能罰一個月嗎？
※提醒大家，以下這幾種情形提前終止租約，需要在一個月前備妥證明，並以書面通知房東。
租賃專法上路一陣子，各家媒體也相繼報導了不少，為了方便記憶，許多租屋族都只會記得，現在提前解約，房東好像最多只能收1個月的違約金。但實務面真的是如此嗎？答案是不一定！在新的法規下，提前解約，不一定會有違約金，但卻也有可能超過1個月。
租約有無約定「租賃雙方得任意終止租約 」？
根據《住宅租賃契約應約定及不得約定事項》第十四點「任意終止租約之約定」，如果雙方有約定「得任意終止租約」，只要提前一個月通知對方，就可以隨時解約，也不必付違約金。
通常租約都是勾選「不得」提前終止租約，則雙方就不能任意終止合約，若想提前終止租約，就得付出違約金，並以一個月的租金為上限。
違約金如何算？解析新法
我們從房屋租賃定型化契約應記載事項說起，裡面就有提及，提前終止租約的情況分兩種，一種是「得」、一種是「不得」，前者是指房東或租客只要在約定時間前（至少1個月）通知對方，那麼就不用給付違約金。
舉例來說：我和房東簽約時約定好，只要有1個月前通知，就「可以」提前解約，那麼我因為2個月後工作要從台北調到高雄，必須提早終止到年底的租約，我只要在搬走30天前，告訴房東這件事，房東就不能扣我押金。但如果今天公司轉調令下來的太趕，導致我一個星期後就得搬走，那麼房東就可以扣我1個月的押金，作為提前解約的賠償。
那麼簽約時，假如當初簽的是「不可以」，後來卻又必須提前解約時該怎麼辦呢？這時候不懂的人會跟你說反正就是最多一個月，但懂的人會跟你說四個字：「雙方協商」。
這是什麼意思呢？其實說白了你就會覺得很簡單，既然簽的是不可以提前解約，所以在這種情況下，房東（租客）確實可以提出以1個月違約金作為賠償條件，但對於租客（房東）而言，卻也可以提出依照合約精神「我不想要你一個月的違約金，反正你就是給我住到滿為止」的條件。
也因此，在這種情況下，如果你非得提前終止合約，堅持只肯給一個月的違約金，那是沒有意義的，因為雙方會沒有交集。所以協商的意思就是說，你讓一點，我讓一點，兩方達成共識。當然也正因如此，協商到最後掏出來的錢，可能就不只有那基本的1個月。
那什麼情況下
房客可以提前解約，又不需賠違約金呢？
租賃期間有下列情形之一，導致房子難以繼續居住者。房客可以提前終止租約，且房東不得要求任何賠償（但還是要在一個月前提出證明並通知房東哦！）
-
一、租賃住宅未合於所約定居住使用，並有修繕之必要，經承租人定相當期限催告，仍不於期限內修繕。（翻譯：居住必備的東西壞掉，告知房東後，卻遲遲不處理修復）
-
二、租賃住宅因不可歸責承租人之事由致一部滅失，且其存餘部分不能達租賃之目的。（翻譯：房子因為地震、颱風、土石流…等天災而損壞不能居住）
-
三、租賃住宅有危及承租人或其同居人之安全或健康之瑕疵。（翻譯：發現房子是輻射屋、海砂屋、結構有問題等，情況危急者則不限一定要在一個月前通知）
-
四、承租人因疾病、意外產生有長期療養之需要。（翻譯：必須出示療養時程需六個月以上之醫師診斷證明，並非住院證明就可以！）
-
五、因第三人就租賃住宅主張其權利，致承租人不能為約定之居住使用（翻譯：房東一次跟兩個人簽約，另一人宣稱他也有租房的權利）、以及房客死亡，其繼承人得主張終止租約。（翻譯：房客過世後，房客他的繼承人不想再租原本租約這間房子了）
–個案大不同
房客&房東權利請牢記
就一般來說，因為目前租賃住宅市場發展及管理條例第7條規定，押金不得超過2個月的租金。所以有了這個標準，通常談到賠償2個月，大家多會讓步，好聚好散。但會不會有需要額外補貼搬遷費什麼的，表示誠意，那真的就是看個案情況了。
若有以下情形
房東也可以提前解約，且房客不得要求任何賠償！
-
出租人為重新建築而必要收回。（翻譯：例如房子要都更重建，但需要提前三個月前告知）
-
承租人遲付租金之總額達二個月之租金額，經出租人定相當期限催告，仍不為支付。（翻譯：欠繳租金包含『管理費、水電費、有些甚至有停車費、網路費』也算在內）
-
承租人擅自變更用途，經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。（翻譯：原本約定居住使用，卻變成營業用途）
-
承租人違法使用、存放有爆炸性或易燃性物品，經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。（不限一定要在一個月前通知）
-
承租人擅自將租賃住宅轉租或轉讓租賃權予他人。（翻譯：擅自當起二房東）
-
承租人毀損租賃住宅或附屬設備，經出租人定相當期限催告修繕仍不為修繕或相當之賠償。（翻譯：和房東不修繕東西同理，如果房客破壞屋況也不修繕，房東也有權提前解約！）
-
承租人未經出租人同意，擅自進行室內裝修，經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。承租人未依相關法令規定進行室內裝修，經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。承租人進行室內裝修，損害原有建築結構之安全。
以上就是根據《住宅租賃契約應約定及不得約定事項》的提前終止租約規定，無論如何，想解約都要至少提前一個月告知，檢附相關事證，以書面通知對方！
–以房東來說：
- 承租人毀損租賃住宅或附屬設備，不為修繕或相當之賠償。
- 承租人遲付租金或費用，達2月之租額，經催告仍拒繳。
- 承租人未經出租人書面同意，將租賃住宅轉租於他人。
- 出租人為重新建築而必要收回。（終止前3個月書面通知對方）
- 其他依法律規定得提前終止租賃契約。
–以租客來說：
- 因疾病、意外產生有長期醫療療養之需要。
- 租賃住宅未合於居住使用，並有修繕之必要，經承租人定相當期限催告，而不於期限內修繕。
- 因不可歸責於承租人之事由，致租賃住宅之一部滅失，且其存餘部分難以繼續居住。
- 因第三人就租賃住宅主張其權利，致承租人不能為約定之居住使用。
- 承租人死亡，承租繼承人主張終止租賃契約。
結論：租賃新法保障真的很多，多了解一點，也是多保障自己一點。
租屋合約通常以1年為期，提前解約的一方得付違約金；建議雙方簽約時就該針對提前解約的因應方式達成共識。為避免房客隨意解約，房東多半會在租賃契約書加註「此租賃契約至少維持12個月，乙方（房客）未住12個月迄移押金不得退還」或「提前解約將不退預繳金」等條文。
由於臨時解除租賃契約會造成租賃雙方的困擾，通常合約書會要求提前解約須提早1個月告知並沒收押金做為違約金，《土地法》規定押金上限不得超過2個月租金，若合約內容有不合理要求，承租人應事前溝通以保障自身權益。
如果真的有糾紛，雙方能夠坐下來溝通還是最好，但如果真的互不相讓，可以到各縣市政府申請調解，或由消費者保護協會協助調解，或者尋求法律途徑，都比上網發文公審或不繳租金更有用！也是真正解決爭議的方法。
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