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【租屋指南】租屋可提前解約而不必賠違約金?提前解約就是罰一個月押金? Home 未分類 【租屋指南】租屋可提前解約而不必賠違約金?提前解約就是罰一個月押金?
租屋族都該知道的是:高不可攀的房價令人望屋興嘆,無殼蝸牛只好遁入租屋市場,但因不諳相關規範,房租糾紛時有所聞。在 租賃專法 上路後,房東、房客都該了解其中「眉角」,以便保障自身權益。
租屋提前解約,大家或許應該知道最高須賠償「一個月租金」的違約金。那在什麼情況下可以提前解約,也不必賠違約金呢?根據法律規定,這幾種情況屬於正當「終止租約」的條件,只要符合即可提前解約且不必賠償!
不知道是租屋糾紛太多,還是時機太湊巧,近期經常有人丟訊息詢問提前解約扣押金的問題,今天就讓我們來談談,租屋族出門在外租房子時, 房東和房客都會碰到的大哉問:提前解約一定會被罰錢嗎?最多又只能罰一個月嗎?
※提醒大家,以下這幾種情形提前終止租約,需要在一個月前備妥證明,並以書面通知房東。
租賃專法 上路一陣子,各家媒體也相繼報導了不少,為了方便記憶,許多租屋族都只會記得,現在提前解約,房東好像最多只能收1個月的違約金。但實務面真的是如此嗎?答案是不一定!在新的法規下,提前解約,不一定會有違約金,但卻也有可能超過1個月。
租約有無約定「租賃雙方得任意終止租約 」?
根據《住宅租賃契約應約定及不得約定事項》第十四點「任意終止租約之約定」,如果雙方有約定「得任意終止租約」,只要 提前一個月 通知對方,就可以隨時解約,也不必付違約金。
通常租約都是勾選「 不得 」提前終止租約,則雙方就不能任意終止合約,若想提前終止租約,就得付出違約金,並以 一個月的租金 為上限。
違約金如何算?解析新法
我們從房屋租賃定型化契約應記載事項說起,裡面就有提及,提前終止租約的情況分兩種,一種是「得」、一種是「不得」,前者是指房東或租客只要在約定時間前(至少1個月)通知對方,那麼就不用給付違約金。
舉例來說: 我和房東簽約時約定好,只要有1個月前通知,就「可以 」提前解約,那麼我因為2個月後工作要從台北調到高雄,必須提早終止到年底的租約,我只要在搬走30天前,告訴房東這件事,房東就不能扣我押金。但如果今天公司轉調令下來的太趕,導致我一個星期後就得搬走,那麼房東就可以扣我1個月的押金,作為提前解約的賠償。
那麼簽約時,假如當初簽的是「 不可以 」,後來卻又必須提前解約時該怎麼辦呢?這時候不懂的人會跟你說反正就是最多一個月,但懂的人會跟你說四個字:「雙方協商 」。
這是什麼意思呢?其實說白了你就會覺得很簡單,既然簽的是不可以提前解約,所以在這種情況下,房東(租客)確實可以提出以1個月違約金作為賠償條件,但對於租客(房東)而言,卻也可以提出依照合約精神「我不想要你一個月的違約金,反正你就是給我住到滿為止 」的條件。
也因此,在這種情況下,如果你非得提前終止合約,堅持只肯給一個月的違約金,那是沒有意義的,因為雙方會沒有交集。所以協商的意思就是說,你讓一點,我讓一點,兩方達成共識。當然也正因如此,協商到最後掏出來的錢,可能就不只有那基本的1個月。
那什麼情況下
房客可以提前解約,又不需賠違約金呢?
租賃期間有下列情形之一, 導致房子難以繼續居住者 。房客可以提前終止租約,且房東不得要求任何賠償(但還是要在一個月前提出證明並通知房東哦!)
一、租賃住宅未合於所約定居住使用,並有修繕之必要,經承租人定相當期限催告, 仍不於期限內修繕 。(翻譯:居住必備的東西壞掉,告知房東後,卻遲遲不處理修復)
二、租賃住宅因 不可歸責承租人之事由 致一部滅失,且其存餘部分不能達租賃之目的。(翻譯:房子因為地震、颱風、土石流…等天災而損壞不能居住)
三、租賃住宅有危及承租人或其同居人之安全或健康之瑕疵。(翻譯:發現房子是輻射屋、海砂屋、結構有問題等, 情況危急者則不限一定要在一個月前通知 )
四、承租人因疾病、意外產生有長期療養之需要。(翻譯:必須出示療養時程需 六個月以上 之醫師診斷證明,並非住院證明就可以!)
五、因第三人就租賃住宅主張其權利,致承租人不能為約定之居住使用(翻譯:房東一次跟兩個人簽約,另一人宣稱他也有租房的權利)、以及房客死亡,其繼承人得主張終止租約。(翻譯:房客過世後,房客他的繼承人不想再租原本租約這間房子了)
– 個案大不同
房客&房東權利請牢記
就一般來說,因為目前租賃住宅市場發展及管理條例第7條規定,押金不得超過2個月的租金。所以有了這個標準,通常談到賠償2個月,大家多會讓步,好聚好散。但會不會有需要額外補貼搬遷費什麼的,表示誠意,那真的就是看個案情況了。
若有以下情形
房東也可以提前解約,且房客不得要求任何賠償!
出租人為重新建築而必要收回。(翻譯:例如房子要都更重建,但需要提前 三個月前 告知)
承租人遲付租金之總額達 二個月之租金額 ,經出租人定相當期限催告,仍不為支付。(翻譯:欠繳租金包含『管理費、水電費、有些甚至有停車費、網路費』也算在內)
承租人擅自變更用途,經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。(翻譯:原本約定居住使用,卻變成營業用途)
承租人違法使用、存放有爆炸性或易燃性物品,經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。( 不限一定要在一個月前通知 )
承租人擅自將租賃住宅轉租或轉讓租賃權予他人。(翻譯:擅自當起二房東)
承租人毀損租賃住宅或附屬設備,經出租人定相當期限催告修繕仍不為修繕或相當之賠償。(翻譯:和房東不修繕東西同理,如果房客破壞屋況也不修繕,房東也有權提前解約!)
承租人未經出租人同意,擅自進行室內裝修,經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。承租人未依相關法令規定進行室內裝修,經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。承租人進行室內裝修,損害原有建築結構之安全。
以上就是根據《 住宅租賃契約應約定及不得約定事項 》的提前終止租約規定,無論如何,想解約都要至少 提前一個月 告知,檢附相關事證,以書面通知對方!
– 以房東來說:
承租人毀損租賃住宅或附屬設備,不為修繕或相當之賠償。
承租人遲付租金或費用,達2月之租額,經催告仍拒繳。
承租人未經出租人書面同意,將租賃住宅轉租於他人。
出租人為重新建築而必要收回。(終止前3個月書面通知對方)
其他依法律規定得提前終止租賃契約。
– 以租客來說:
因疾病、意外產生有長期醫療療養之需要。
租賃住宅未合於居住使用,並有修繕之必要,經承租人定相當期限催告,而不於期限內修繕。
因不可歸責於承租人之事由,致租賃住宅之一部滅失,且其存餘部分難以繼續居住。
因第三人就租賃住宅主張其權利,致承租人不能為約定之居住使用。
承租人死亡,承租繼承人主張終止租賃契約。
結論: 租賃新法 保障真的很多,多了解一點,也是多保障自己一點。
租屋合約通常以1年為期,提前解約的一方得付違約金;建議雙方簽約時就該針對提前解約的因應方式達成共識。為避免房客隨意解約,房東多半會在租賃契約書加註「此租賃契約至少維持12個月,乙方(房客)未住12個月迄移押金不得退還」或「提前解約將不退預繳金」等條文。
由於臨時解除租賃契約會造成租賃雙方的困擾,通常合約書會要求提前解約須提早1個月告知並沒收押金做為違約金,《土地法 》規定押金上限不得超過2個月租金,若合約內容有不合理要求,承租人應事前溝通以保障自身權益。
如果真的有糾紛,雙方能夠坐下來溝通還是最好,但如果真的互不相讓,可以到各縣市政府申請調解,或由消費者保護協會協助調解,或者尋求法律途徑,都比上網發文公審或不繳租金更有用!也是真正解決爭議的方法。
房東不退押金怎麼辦?
退租押金被扣怎麼辦?
文章導覽
Money Laundering
What is Money Laundering?
Money laundering is the illegal process of making large amounts of money generated by a criminal activity, such as drug trafficking or terrorist funding, appear to have come from a legitimate source. The money from the criminal activity is considered dirty, and the process "launders" it to make it look clean.
Money laundering is a serious financial crime that is employed by white collar and street-level criminals alike.1? Most financial companies have anti-money-laundering (AML) policies in place to detect and prevent this activity.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Money laundering is the illegal process of making "dirty" money appear legitimate instead of ill-gotten.
Criminals use a wide variety of money laundering techniques to make illegally obtained funds appear clean.
Online banking and cryptocurrencies have made it easier for criminals to transfer and withdraw money without detection.
The prevention of money laundering has become an international effort and now includes terrorist funding among its targets.
How Money Laundering Works
Money laundering is essential for criminal organizations that wish to use illegally obtained money effectively. Dealing in large amounts of illegal cash is inefficient and dangerous. Criminals need a way to deposit the money in legitimate financial institutions, yet they can only do so if it appears to come from legitimate sources.
Banks are required to report large cash transactions and other suspicious activities that might be signs of money laundering.
The process of laundering money typically involves three steps: placement, layering, and integration.
Placement puts the "dirty money" into the legitimate financial system.
Layering conceals the source of the money through a series of transactions and bookkeeping tricks.
In the final step, integration, the now-laundered money is withdrawn from the legitimate account to be used for whatever purposes the criminals have in mind for it.
There are many ways to launder money, from the simple to the very complex. One of the most common techniques is to use a legitimate, cash-based business owned by a criminal organization. For example, if the organization owns a restaurant, it might inflate the daily cash receipts to funnel illegal cash through the restaurant and into the restaurant's bank account. After that, the funds can be withdrawn as needed. These types of businesses are often referred to as "fronts."
Money Laundering Variants
In one common form of money laundering, called smurfing (also known as "structuring"), the criminal breaks up large chunks of cash into multiple small deposits, often spreading them over many different accounts, to avoid detection. Money laundering can also be accomplished through the use of currency exchanges, wire transfers, and "mules"—cash smugglers, who sneak large amounts of cash across borders and deposit them in foreign accounts, where money-laundering enforcement is less strict.
Other money-laundering methods involve investing in commodities such as gems and gold that can easily be moved to other jurisdictions, discreetly investing in and selling valuable assets such as real estate, gambling, counterfeiting; and using shell companies (inactive companies or corporations that essentially exist on paper only).
Electronic Money Laundering
The Internet has put a new spin on the old crime. The rise of online banking institutions, anonymous online payment services and peer-to-peer (P2P) transfers with mobile phones have made detecting the illegal transfer of money even more difficult. Moreover, the use of proxy servers and anonymizing software makes the third component of money laundering, integration, almost impossible to detect—money can be transferred or withdrawn leaving little or no trace of an IP address.
Money can also be laundered through online auctions and sales, gambling websites, and virtual gaming sites, where ill-gotten money is converted into gaming currency, then back into real, usable, and untraceable "clean" money.
The newest frontier of money laundering involves cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. While not totally anonymous, they are increasingly being used in blackmail schemes, the drug trade, and other criminal activities due to their relative anonymity compared with more conventional forms of currency.
Anti-money-laundering laws (AML) have been slow to catch up to these types of cybercrimes, since most of the laws are still based on detecting dirty money as it passes through traditional banking institutions.
Preventing Money Laundering
Governments around the world have stepped up their efforts to combat money laundering in recent decades, with regulations that require financial institutions to put systems in place to detect and report suspicious activity. The amount of money involved is substantial. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, global money laundering transactions account for roughly $800 billion to $2 trillion annually, or some 2% to 5% of global GDP.
In 1989, the Group of Seven (G-7) formed an international committee called the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in an attempt to fight money laundering on an international scale. In the early 2000s, its purview was expanded to combating the financing of terrorism.
The United States passed the Banking Secrecy Act in 1970, requiring financial institutions to report certain transactions to the Department of the Treasury, such as cash transactions above $10,000 or any others they deem suspicious, on a suspicious activity report (SAR).3? The information the banks provide to the Treasury Department is used by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), which can share it with domestic criminal investigators, international bodies or foreign financial intelligence units.
While these laws were helpful in tracking criminal activity, money laundering itself wasn't made illegal in the United States until 1986, with the passage of the Money Laundering Control Act. Shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the USA Patriot Act expanded money-laundering efforts by allowing investigative tools designed for organized crime and drug trafficking prevention to be used in terrorist investigations.
The Association of Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialists (ACAMS) offers a professional designation known as a Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialist (CAMS). Individuals who earn CAMS certification may work as brokerage compliance managers, Bank Secrecy Act officers, financial intelligence unit managers, surveillance analysts and financial crimes investigative analysts.
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What is Money Laundering?
The goal of a large number of criminal acts is to generate a profit for the individual or group that carries out the act. Money laundering is the processing of these criminal proceeds to disguise their illegal origin. This process is of critical importance, as it enables the criminal to enjoy these profits without jeopardising their source.
Illegal arms sales, smuggling, and the activities of organised crime, including for example drug trafficking and prostitution rings, can generate huge amounts of proceeds. Embezzlement, insider trading, bribery and computer fraud schemes can also produce large profits and create the incentive to “legitimise” the ill-gotten gains through money laundering.
When a criminal activity generates substantial profits, the individual or group involved must find a way to control the funds without attracting attention to the underlying activity or the persons involved. Criminals do this by disguising the sources, changing the form, or moving the funds to a place where they are less likely to attract attention.
In response to mounting concern over money laundering, the Financial Action Task Force on money laundering (FATF) was established by the G-7 Summit in Paris in 1989 to develop a co-ordinated international response. One of the first tasks of the FATF was to develop Recommendations, 40 in all, which set out the measures national governments should take to implement effective anti-money laundering programmes.
How much money is laundered per year?
By its very nature, money laundering is an illegal activity carried out by criminals which occurs outside of the normal range of economic and financial statistics. Along with some other aspects of underground economic activity, rough estimates have been put forward to give some sense of the scale of the problem.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) conducted a study to determine the magnitude of illicit funds generated by drug trafficking and organised crimes and to investigate to what extent these funds are laundered. The report estimates that in 2009, criminal proceeds amounted to 3.6% of global GDP, with 2.7% (or USD 1.6 trillion) being laundered.
This falls within the widely quoted estimate by the International Monetary Fund, who stated in 1998 that the aggregate size of money laundering in the world could be somewhere between two and five percent of the world’s gross domestic product. Using 1998 statistics, these percentages would indicate that money laundering ranged between USD 590 billion and USD 1.5 trillion. At the time, the lower figure was roughly equivalent to the value of the total output of an economy the size of Spain.
However, the above estimates should be treated with caution. They are intended to give an estimate of the magnitude of money laundering. Due to the illegal nature of the transactions, precise statistics are not available and it is therefore impossible to produce a definitive estimate of the amount of money that is globally laundered every year. The FATF therefore does not publish any figures in this regard.
How is money laundered?
In the initial - or placement - stage of money laundering, the launderer introduces his illegal profits into the financial system. This might be done by breaking up large amounts of cash into less conspicuous smaller sums that are then deposited directly into a bank account, or by purchasing a series of monetary instruments (cheques, money orders, etc.) that are then collected and deposited into accounts at another location.
After the funds have entered the financial system, the second – or layering – stage takes place. In this phase, the launderer engages in a series of conversions or movements of the funds to distance them from their source. The funds might be channelled through the purchase and sales of investment instruments, or the launderer might simply wire the funds through a series of accounts at various banks across the globe. This use of widely scattered accounts for laundering is especially prevalent in those jurisdictions that do not co-operate in anti-money laundering investigations. In some instances, the launderer might disguise the transfers as payments for goods or services, thus giving them a legitimate appearance.
Having successfully processed his criminal profits through the first two phases the launderer then moves them to the third stage – integration – in which the funds re-enter the legitimate economy. The launderer might choose to invest the funds into real estate, luxury assets, or business ventures.
Where does money laundering occur?
As money laundering is a consequence of almost all profit generating crime, it can occur practically anywhere in the world. Generally, money launderers tend to seek out countries or sectors in which there is a low risk of detection due to weak or ineffective anti-money laundering programmes. Because the objective of money laundering is to get the illegal funds back to the individual who generated them, launderers usually prefer to move funds through stable financial systems.
Money laundering activity may also be concentrated geographically according to the stage the laundered funds have reached. At the placement stage, for example, the funds are usually processed relatively close to the under-lying activity; often, but not in every case, in the country where the funds originate.
With the layering phase, the launderer might choose an offshore financial centre, a large regional business centre, or a world banking centre – any location that provides an adequate financial or business infrastructure. At this stage, the laundered funds may also only transit bank accounts at various locations where this can be done without leaving traces of their source or ultimate destination.
Finally, at the integration phase, launderers might choose to invest laundered funds in still other locations if they were generated in unstable economies or locations offering limited investment opportunities.
How does money laundering affect business?
The integrity of the banking and financial services marketplace depends heavily on the perception that it functions within a framework of high legal, professional and ethical standards. A reputation for integrity is the one of the most valuable assets of a financial institution.
If funds from criminal activity can be easily processed through a particular institution – either because its employees or directors have been bribed or because the institution turns a blind eye to the criminal nature of such funds – the institution could be drawn into active complicity with criminals and become part of the criminal network itself. Evidence of such complicity will have a damaging effect on the attitudes of other financial intermediaries and of regulatory authorities, as well as ordinary customers.
As for the potential negative macroeconomic consequences of unchecked money laundering, one can cite inexplicable changes in money demand, prudential risks to bank soundness, contamination effects on legal financial transactions, and increased volatility of international capital flows and exchange rates due to unanticipated cross-border asset transfers. Also, as it rewards corruption and crime, successful money laudering damages the integrity of the entire society and undermines democracy and the rule of the law.
What influence does money laundering have on economic development?
Launderers are continuously looking for new routes for laundering their funds. Economies with growing or developing financial centres, but inadequate controls are particularly vulnerable as established financial centre countries implement comprehensive anti-money laundering regimes.
Differences between national anti-money laundering systems will be exploited by launderers, who tend to move their networks to countries and financial systems with weak or ineffective countermeasures.
Some might argue that developing economies cannot afford to be too selective about the sources of capital they attract. But postponing action is dangerous. The more it is deferred, the more entrenched organised crime can become.
As with the damaged integrity of an individual financial institution, there is a damping effect on foreign direct investment when a country’s commercial and financial sectors are perceived to be subject to the control and influence of organised crime. Fighting money laundering and terrorist financing is therefore a part of creating a business friendly environment which is a precondition for lasting economic development.
What is the connection with society at large?
The possible social and political costs of money laundering, if left unchecked or dealt with ineffectively, are serious. Organised crime can infiltrate financial institutions, acquire control of large sectors of the economy through investment, or offer bribes to public officials and indeed governments.
The economic and political influence of criminal organisations can weaken the social fabric, collective ethical standards, and ultimately the democratic institutions of society. In countries transitioning to democratic systems, this criminal influence can undermine the transition. Most fundamentally, money laundering is inextricably linked to the underlying criminal activity that generated it. Laundering enables criminal activity to continue.
How does fighting money laundering help fight crime?
Money laundering is a threat to the good functioning of a financial system; however, it can also be the Achilles heel of criminal activity.
In law enforcement investigations into organised criminal activity, it is often the connections made through financial transaction records that allow hidden assets to be located and that establish the identity of the criminals and the criminal organisation responsible.
When criminal funds are derived from robbery, extortion, embezzlement or fraud, a money laundering investigation is frequently the only way to locate the stolen funds and restore them to the victims.
Most importantly, however, targeting the money laundering aspect of criminal activity and depriving the criminal of his ill-gotten gains means hitting him where he is vulnerable. Without a usable profit, the criminal activity will not continue.
What should individual governments be doing about it?
A great deal can be done to fight money laundering, and, indeed, many governments have already established comprehensive anti-money laundering regimes. These regimes aim to increase awareness of the phenomenon – both within the government and the private business sector – and then to provide the necessary legal or regulatory tools to the authorities charged with combating the problem.
Some of these tools include making the act of money laundering a crime; giving investigative agencies the authority to trace, seize and ultimately confiscate criminally derived assets; and building the necessary framework for permitting the agencies involved to exchange information among themselves and with counterparts in other countries.
It is critically important that governments include all relevant voices in developing a national anti-money laundering programme. They should, for example, bring law enforcement and financial regulatory authorities together with the private sector to enable financial institutions to play a role in dealing with the problem. This means, among other things, involving the relevant authorities in establishing financial transaction reporting systems, customer identification, record keeping standards and a means for verifying compliance.
Should governments with measures in place still be concerned?
Money launderers have shown themselves through time to be extremely imaginative in creating new schemes to circumvent a particular government’s countermeasures. A national system must be flexible enough to be able to detect and respond to new money laundering schemes.
Anti-money laundering measures often force launderers to move to parts of the economy with weak or ineffective measures to deal with the problem. Again, a national system must be flexible enough to be able to extend countermeasures to new areas of its own economy. Finally, national governments need to work with other jurisdictions to ensure that launderers are not able to continue to operate merely by moving to another location in which money laundering is tolerated.
What about multilateral initiatives?
Large-scale money laundering schemes invariably contain cross-border elements. Since money laundering is an international problem, international co-operation is a critical necessity in the fight against it. A number of initiatives have been established for dealing with the problem at the international level.
International organisations, such as the United Nations or the Bank for International Settlements, took some initial steps at the end of the 1980s to address the problem. Following the creation of the FATF in 1989, regional groupings – the European Union, Council of Europe, Organisation of American States, to name just a few – established anti-money laundering standards for their member countries. The Caribbean, Asia, Europe and southern Africa have created regional anti-money laundering task force-like organisations, and similar groupings are planned for western Africa and Latin America in the coming years.
Who can I contact if I suspect a case of money laundering?
The FATF is a policy-making body and has no investigative authority. In respect to investigating a company and persons involved in money laundering, individuals need to contact their local investigative authorities.
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