租屋族都該知道的是:高不可攀的房價令人望屋興嘆,無殼蝸牛只好遁入租屋市場,但因不諳相關規範,房租糾紛時有所聞。在租賃專法上路後,房東、房客都該了解其中「眉角」,以便保障自身權益。

租屋提前解約,大家或許應該知道最高須賠償「一個月租金」的違約金。那在什麼情況下可以提前解約,也不必賠違約金呢?根據法律規定,這幾種情況屬於正當「終止租約」的條件,只要符合即可提前解約且不必賠償!

不知道是租屋糾紛太多,還是時機太湊巧,近期經常有人丟訊息詢問提前解約扣押金的問題,今天就讓我們來談談,租屋族出門在外租房子時,房東和房客都會碰到的大哉問:提前解約一定會被罰錢嗎?最多又只能罰一個月嗎?

※提醒大家,以下這幾種情形提前終止租約,需要在一個月前備妥證明,並以書面通知房東。

租賃專法上路一陣子,各家媒體也相繼報導了不少,為了方便記憶,許多租屋族都只會記得,現在提前解約,房東好像最多只能收1個月的違約金。但實務面真的是如此嗎?答案是不一定!在新的法規下,提前解約,不一定會有違約金,但卻也有可能超過1個月。

租約有無約定「租賃雙方得任意終止租約 」?
根據《住宅租賃契約應約定及不得約定事項》第十四點「任意終止租約之約定」,如果雙方有約定「得任意終止租約」,只要提前一個月通知對方,就可以隨時解約,也不必付違約金。

通常租約都是勾選「不得」提前終止租約,則雙方就不能任意終止合約,若想提前終止租約,就得付出違約金,並以一個月的租金為上限。

違約金如何算?解析新法
我們從房屋租賃定型化契約應記載事項說起,裡面就有提及,提前終止租約的情況分兩種,一種是「得」、一種是「不得」,前者是指房東或租客只要在約定時間前(至少1個月)通知對方,那麼就不用給付違約金。

舉例來說:我和房東簽約時約定好,只要有1個月前通知,就「可以」提前解約,那麼我因為2個月後工作要從台北調到高雄,必須提早終止到年底的租約,我只要在搬走30天前,告訴房東這件事,房東就不能扣我押金。但如果今天公司轉調令下來的太趕,導致我一個星期後就得搬走,那麼房東就可以扣我1個月的押金,作為提前解約的賠償。

那麼簽約時,假如當初簽的是「不可以」,後來卻又必須提前解約時該怎麼辦呢?這時候不懂的人會跟你說反正就是最多一個月,但懂的人會跟你說四個字:「雙方協商」。

這是什麼意思呢?其實說白了你就會覺得很簡單,既然簽的是不可以提前解約,所以在這種情況下,房東(租客)確實可以提出以1個月違約金作為賠償條件,但對於租客(房東)而言,卻也可以提出依照合約精神「我不想要你一個月的違約金,反正你就是給我住到滿為止」的條件。

也因此,在這種情況下,如果你非得提前終止合約,堅持只肯給一個月的違約金,那是沒有意義的,因為雙方會沒有交集。所以協商的意思就是說,你讓一點,我讓一點,兩方達成共識。當然也正因如此,協商到最後掏出來的錢,可能就不只有那基本的1個月。

那什麼情況下
房客可以提前解約,又不需賠違約金呢?

租賃期間有下列情形之一,導致房子難以繼續居住者。房客可以提前終止租約,且房東不得要求任何賠償(但還是要在一個月前提出證明並通知房東哦!)

  • 一、租賃住宅未合於所約定居住使用,並有修繕之必要,經承租人定相當期限催告,仍不於期限內修繕。(翻譯:居住必備的東西壞掉,告知房東後,卻遲遲不處理修復)
  • 二、租賃住宅因不可歸責承租人之事由致一部滅失,且其存餘部分不能達租賃之目的。(翻譯:房子因為地震、颱風、土石流…等天災而損壞不能居住)
  • 三、租賃住宅有危及承租人或其同居人之安全或健康之瑕疵。(翻譯:發現房子是輻射屋、海砂屋、結構有問題等,情況危急者則不限一定要在一個月前通知
  • 四、承租人因疾病、意外產生有長期療養之需要。(翻譯:必須出示療養時程需六個月以上之醫師診斷證明,並非住院證明就可以!)
  • 五、因第三人就租賃住宅主張其權利,致承租人不能為約定之居住使用(翻譯:房東一次跟兩個人簽約,另一人宣稱他也有租房的權利)、以及房客死亡,其繼承人得主張終止租約。(翻譯:房客過世後,房客他的繼承人不想再租原本租約這間房子了)

個案大不同
房客&房東權利請牢記

就一般來說,因為目前租賃住宅市場發展及管理條例第7條規定,押金不得超過2個月的租金。所以有了這個標準,通常談到賠償2個月,大家多會讓步,好聚好散。但會不會有需要額外補貼搬遷費什麼的,表示誠意,那真的就是看個案情況了。

若有以下情形
房東也可以提前解約,且房客不得要求任何賠償!

  1. 出租人為重新建築而必要收回。(翻譯:例如房子要都更重建,但需要提前三個月前告知)
  2. 承租人遲付租金之總額達二個月之租金額,經出租人定相當期限催告,仍不為支付。(翻譯:欠繳租金包含『管理費、水電費、有些甚至有停車費、網路費』也算在內)
  3. 承租人擅自變更用途,經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。(翻譯:原本約定居住使用,卻變成營業用途)
  4. 承租人違法使用、存放有爆炸性或易燃性物品,經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。(不限一定要在一個月前通知
  5. 承租人擅自將租賃住宅轉租或轉讓租賃權予他人。(翻譯:擅自當起二房東)
  6. 承租人毀損租賃住宅或附屬設備,經出租人定相當期限催告修繕仍不為修繕或相當之賠償。(翻譯:和房東不修繕東西同理,如果房客破壞屋況也不修繕,房東也有權提前解約!)
  7. 承租人未經出租人同意,擅自進行室內裝修,經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。承租人未依相關法令規定進行室內裝修,經出租人阻止仍繼續為之。承租人進行室內裝修,損害原有建築結構之安全。

以上就是根據《住宅租賃契約應約定及不得約定事項》的提前終止租約規定,無論如何,想解約都要至少提前一個月告知,檢附相關事證,以書面通知對方!

以房東來說:

  1. 承租人毀損租賃住宅或附屬設備,不為修繕或相當之賠償。
  2. 承租人遲付租金或費用,達2月之租額,經催告仍拒繳。
  3. 承租人未經出租人書面同意,將租賃住宅轉租於他人。
  4. 出租人為重新建築而必要收回。(終止前3個月書面通知對方)
  5. 其他依法律規定得提前終止租賃契約。

以租客來說:

  1. 因疾病、意外產生有長期醫療療養之需要。
  2. 租賃住宅未合於居住使用,並有修繕之必要,經承租人定相當期限催告,而不於期限內修繕。
  3. 因不可歸責於承租人之事由,致租賃住宅之一部滅失,且其存餘部分難以繼續居住。
  4. 因第三人就租賃住宅主張其權利,致承租人不能為約定之居住使用。
  5. 承租人死亡,承租繼承人主張終止租賃契約。

結論:租賃新法保障真的很多,多了解一點,也是多保障自己一點。

租屋合約通常以1年為期,提前解約的一方得付違約金;建議雙方簽約時就該針對提前解約的因應方式達成共識。為避免房客隨意解約,房東多半會在租賃契約書加註「此租賃契約至少維持12個月,乙方(房客)未住12個月迄移押金不得退還」或「提前解約將不退預繳金」等條文。

由於臨時解除租賃契約會造成租賃雙方的困擾,通常合約書會要求提前解約須提早1個月告知並沒收押金做為違約金,《土地法》規定押金上限不得超過2個月租金,若合約內容有不合理要求,承租人應事前溝通以保障自身權益。

如果真的有糾紛,雙方能夠坐下來溝通還是最好,但如果真的互不相讓,可以到各縣市政府申請調解,或由消費者保護協會協助調解,或者尋求法律途徑,都比上網發文公審或不繳租金更有用!也是真正解決爭議的方法。


房東不退押金怎麼辦?
退租押金被扣怎麼辦?

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